This shows that at the time of beginnings, where it's all about "who speaks? "It goes without saying that literature is perspective, entertainment or fiction frank: neither the authors nor the readers. It would be closer to the story "fictionalized" or chronic "realistic." And dangers, the inevitable is not sensitive when the literary dimension, which is essentially a distance, are great: literature is a matter of aesthetics and is not meant to be consensual or prove the accuracy or veracity of his arguments ...
The "vision" enthusiastic and prophetic L. Bertrand, will soon be shared, reproduced, explored, detailed, redesigned with a more or less inspired by many writers (including: C. Hagel, R. Hughes, L. Lecoq, J. Pomier, R. Randau, A. Rousse), who have recognized a "space" as they could hold their own inclination: the more firmly that it could base their legitimacy of French writers in Algeria. A "Space" for them, their size, in the newly imported language on earth, now in the process to take root: the Algerian .
For other writers, the Jews of Algeria, had made things more "naturally" because their presence on Algerian soil need not be similarly justified ... Belonging to a large community, although composite (the descendants of the contemporaries of the Roman presence and local populations that they had converted were mixed, much later, the heirs expelled from the Iberian Peninsula, themselves from the Maghreb for the most part) but strongly cemented by a religious-cultural tradition alive, they suffered from marginalization to which the powers contained not so much pre-conquest [1 ] their Muslim neighbors: Some prominent Jews could well be distinguished relations between individuals here or there could be very good, but the community as a whole was generally despised and subject to a number of small annoyances.
The Arab Maghreb, the Jews shared with other "natives" being the common language of humiliation at the same time as the good-neighborly relations (!) is in French (language for which they would soon devotion) that they would try to awareness and recognition of a collective identity which they had strong consciousness long before the decree Cremieux [2] that would make them French citizens in 1870, they already loved in France in 1789, which declared the universality of human Rights and emancipated "his" Jews.
Literature, too, but strong staining ethnicity. It is with concern that these French forms of recent date, that emancipation had come to "liberate" where they were, began to present themselves to their fellow citizens, who were not always well disposed towards these newly promoted [3] : in their language, with happiness and hope, by telling their dreams, but also the everyday ordinary.
The Oran Saadia Levy (1875-1951), who will soon move to France where her literary salon will be attended, among others, by Guillaume Apollinaire and Max Jacob, in 1896 published the first Jewish novel Maghreb Rabbi, written in collaboration with R. Randau; amazing novel, which tells the "tragic westernization" of a young rabbi in Tetouan (Morocco) became a trader at Sidi-Bel-Abbes (Algeria) ... Female voices, a sign of emancipation, took the opportunity to be heard: the Constantine Maximilian Heller (who will receive the Grand Prize for Literature of Algeria in 1923), Elissa Rhaïs ( Jews or the daughter of Eleazar , The Wedding Hanifa), for example.
Convergences
1910, writers gathered to take note of their affinity or, more accurately, their proximity to "theoretical" in order to make it official. But it is in the same practice in writing confirmed this was going to find unity of purpose, this kinship in sensibility: she finds a kind of culmination in the foundation, delayed by the fault of the Great War (which will, at least, the excuse to bring back Alsace and Lorraine in the bosom of France, "freeing" and the imaginary Blackfoot its legal guardianship [4] ), the Association of Algerian Writers [5] And the parallel creation of the Grand Prize for Literature of Algeria in 1921 by poet, writer and civil servant Jean Toulouse Pomier ) .
The previous year had given a preface noticed a sort of kickoff to the movement algeriana: presenting the collection Thirteen African poets (that is to say, Algerian) [6] Robert Randau (pseudonym R. Arnaud [7] ), befriended John Pomier, delivered, in fact, a manifesto.
With this set parts (though close to the Parnassus Paris), it was nothing less, he said, that give shape and contour to the idea of "young Franco-Berber people" who would come to "take" French language in Algerian soil, to make it exist in some way; make the tone of his sensitive soul. Duties necessary for the affirmation of singularity tangible token of cultural emancipation proclamation.
What characterized the best poetry, as Randau was the sensuality of expression, words of love sound, music and barbaric lush sensuality. Traits that reminded him of the style and inspiration of Apuleius [8] , St. Augustine, too, and he considered a clear sign of continuity restored, over time, with spirituality ancient.
We see that R. Randau, born in Algeria (he died), endorsed the conviction of L. Bertrand: he argues, too, that the ancient Arab conquerors were "digested" by a Barbary inentamée and vigorous, and this "preface", which extends some of his novels, allows him to provide some "evidence" and illustrations .
Louis Bertrand And applauding in response.
preface, in turn, proposed an anthology in 1925, Our Africa [9] , he said his joy at seeing the very thing he dearly wanted: the assumption of a vocation awareness of a "race" [10] prelude to the resurrection of Latin Africa. And outbid neighborhoods and sleek look, highlighted by the environmental Randau between ancient forms and modern productions: same sense of reasoning and construction, even the temptation of excess the flamboyance and excesses, even pride in asserting itself in fidelity and sworn undertaking the task, even conscience clear, finally, hostility, men like nature, and strength - which paradoxically makes joyous and serious, precisely because it is proportionate to the value of the fight.
Several personalities emerge algeriana movement, with works of literature that are "scheduled", as was said of the music at the beginning of XX century e :
- Robert Randau that his past explorer in Africa, as administrator and good relations to the attention of Metropolis Design. His novels "Algerian" (he also wrote about Africa black) men camped in which he wanted to recognize, or that he wanted to close, who speak and act honestly believed: Settlers, The Algerian ( 1911), Cassard Berber, Diko, brother of the coast . In 1936, the year of unrest in France as in Algeria, he wrote a novel curiously premonitory Professor Martin philistine Algiers, where the foreknowledge of the writer relays the acute flair of the director: his hero, sharing the concern expressed by L. Bertrand [11] , also the revelation of an indomitable force, who waits patiently for the right moment and Professor Martin is worried that the Barbary did not really "assimilated" the invaders [12] ... - Privilege of the artist who feels before we know.
- Louis Lecoq, the first president of the AEA He is the novels of "gender" that depict the types of people and behaviors they have in common: Broumtiche and Kabyle (written in collaboration with C. Hagel) Five in your eye, Sun, Pascualet Algerian , etc..
- Stéphane Chasseray, who turns away from the city and dedicated to making flavor of rural life: Stories Mehlouf Wadi, Wadi Stories Mehlouf , etc..
- Albert Truphémus, former inspector of primary school came to the continent before World War I, he will retire in Algeria. Open man, to look "sharp", it has a substantial decline, it must mainly transferred to the state of recent, more, he wants "impartial and thorough" as he should be a true product of the secular and republican school ... It will, in the Hotel du Sersou (1930), a sort of compendium of colonial society, a portrait of "family" without complacency, which many believed to recognize, with irritation. Precisely for this reason, not for its potential weaknesses of writing this novel will be poorly received discordant: home confirming that the desire identification then prevailed among readers about the pleasure aesthetic as "truth" of the story kept more than the skill with which it was made.
Five years later, A. Truphémus provide a way for (prescient in his own way) to C. Courtin, which in The Bush Man Who Ate (story of a settler rejected by nature he is trying to dominate), had demonstrated the possession of a rebel ground could be dangerous for intruders : it will show, for its part, that "come to live in a language," thus gestures and customs, was no less risky. And his hero, Ferhat, teacher native who "pass" at (x) French, eventually ending his life because he does not know where or how to be: in relation to his moving away, to those of his choice who remain distant , to himself at last, that is lost.
- Ferdinand Duchêne, curious customs and local traditions. He is an important cycle of "Barbary" At slow caravans , The Rekba , The Shepherd of Akfadou , etc.. He is also inspired works more directly sociological in Those of Algeria, he distinguished between Algerian (by which he means, like everyone else until almost 1962, the European origin), the natives (that is to say, Muslims) and Jews. Groups border not always accurate, he would try to capture as close to their specificity, approaching them, not without keen sense, through their table manners. Thus he described in Mouna, hide and couscous , sympathetic components of a possible collective identification register for these different populations: Within the language, cultural and physical intimacy with food. Register concrete, rich opportunities to exchange sharing and integration: we have come to know since the sustainable wealth couscous!
It was there indication of a shift toward the literary theme of the body, which will be central to the inspiration of posterity "Mediterranean", the literary movement that will gradually thereafter, but not quite is the square of the Algerian.
continued ...
Notes:
[1] The Turk who ruled Algeria, had he not met with enthusiasm expelled from Spain and Portugal? [Added August 2010].
[2] "Cremieux Decree [named after Isaac Jacob Cremieux, Adolphe Cremieux said (1796-1880), lawyer, member several times, several times Minister of Justice , chairman of the Central Consistory and the Alliance Israelite Universelle ] ... means Decrees No. 136 and No. No. 137 of October 24, 1870 ... Decree n o 136 automatically grants citizenship to 35,000 French Jews in Algeria in these terms:''The Jews indigenous departments of Algeria are declared French citizens and, consequently, their actual status and their personal status shall, after the promulgation of this decree, settled by French law, all rights granted to this day remains inviolable. Any legislation, any Senatufconfultum, decree, order or regulation contrary, are abolished.'' It is supplemented by Decree No. 137 on o ''On the naturalization of Muslim natives and foreigners living in Algeria'': for what concerns them, the French citizenship ''can be obtained at the age of twenty-one years'' and at their request. " Wikipedia, http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D% C3% A9cret_Cr% C3% A9mieux [Added August 2010].
[3] To confine ourselves to Algeria, Drumont, MP Algiers since 1898, when his election to oppose the retrial of Dreyfus, will demand action against Emile Zola and ask the following year, the repeal of Decree Cremieux, with the support of four members of Algeria. This decree shall be repealed October 7, 1940 by the Vichy regime and replaced by the "Jewish status" and will be reinstated October 20, 1943, by the French Committee of National Liberation. - After their nationality, is their very presence on Algerian soil that would one day be challenged, as we know ... [Added in August 2010
[4] The French in Algeria, too busy building the country, do not generally perceive this decoupling, which they discover the extent that on the day of the decision of General de Gaulle, strongly supported by an opinion metropolitan public that they had not perceived that she had long since turned away from them, to grant independence to Algeria ... [Added August 2010].
[5] Africa , newsletter AEA, its focal point and forum, will be launched in 1924 and lived until 1960.
[6] Contents include: Charles Courtin, Charles Hagel, Louis Lecoq, Maximilian Heller, Leo Wolf, Albert Tust.
[7] Arnaud Ducheyron Robert Beaumont of Robert Hall said Randau (1873-1950), officer, explorer, anthropologist, sociologist, novelist and poet [Added August 2010] .
[8] Apuleius ( ca 125 - ca 170), a rich heir born Roman Numidia (present northern Algeria), lawyer, lecturer, philosopher Platonizing, speaking Berber, Greek and Latin, known for his interest in magic, strange Eastern religions, writer "precious", author of The Golden Ass or Metamorphoses , Apology and Florida , Plato and his doctrine , On the God of Socrates , Booklets and philosophical From world (Paris , Les Belles Lettres ) [Added August 2010] .
[9] Dedicated to "African storytelling," she met including texts of S. Chasseray, C. Hagel, M. Heller, L. Lecoq, R. Randau, but also a new, 's brother Etthaous , a Muslim author, Abdelkader Fikri (Abdelkader Hadj Hamou he signs) - few years later he co-sign with R. Randau an essay on relations between French and Muslim entitled The Companions of the Garden .
[10] This "race" can be seen, assessed First, his style and his works ... Written see the sun a (posted August 17, 2010), footnote 9.
[11] Louis Bertrand, Memory, " On the roads of the South" op. cit. See Written in the sun a .
[12] R. Randau had its way out to "exorcise" the threat, practicing in his field fraternization he wanted to see concrete spread: it was said, he wrote in collaboration with the Hebrew Levi and Saadia The Muslim Abdelkader Fikri .
Written sun © copyright 1982-2010 Richard Zrehen
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