It was there the indication of a shift toward the literary theme of the body, which will be central to the inspiration of posterity "Mediterranean", the literary movement that will gradually thereafter, but not quite the place, the Algerian.
Drifts
Several books had glorified the Mediterranean since the beginning of the century: between representations pleasant pastel and postcard, made of light and carefree sensuality. But gradually, the "meaning" of this pattern of travel brochure (which pleased both metropolitan [1] ) will evolve and grow: the Mediterranean will be promoted to the rank of central inspiration and become strong denominator ideological and literary in the late 1930s.
From land to sea, slipping marks a fairly clear concerns over the homeland. New "hero", the body of emotions, will relay the body of work and effort.
In the shadow of the pioneering literature, however, some insightful women had anticipated. They knew that the theme of the body is deeply ambivalent: it is not only potential usability or pleasures, as argued by the enthusiasts and dreamers inspired ... Combination concrete human (alliances, marriages, friendships) in which he enters for his production / reproduction are sometimes fragile, or sources of destabilization : The "social chemistry" is always complex, application dosages of subtlety, delicacy and tact, even in a land of conquest, vulnerable.
Many women have felt, were able to notify them: they must write a statement of concern and intuitive feminine choices. The Jews, with their new nationality, were concerned to find and rehabilitate their community these women were concerned to establish their social status - of women and French women in Algeria: he is quite revealing that they have done so obliquely, by comparison with the Algerian Muslim woman, on which they have chosen to focus.
Leaving the care of other women to support men walking on their feet (Anna Colnat with Virginie Duparc, landed in Algeria Lucienne Jean-Darrouy with The Marriage of Miss M Centhectares , for example), they preferred a more modest deal with daily, including the mixed marriage: Magali Boisnard, Maâdith , L'Enfant taciturn; Faure Jeanne-Sardet two women, Helia , a French in Algeria ; Lucienne Favre Eastern 1930. Marie Bugeja ( Our Muslim sisters , Visions of Algeria, eastern Seduction, etc..) Argued, for its part, it was better for Muslims to marry Muslim girls (in high the strong traditions), rather than with foreign ...
Thesis retrospectively little exciting, but had the undeniable merit of practical wisdom. The result is long proven that voluntarism was risky in the field manners, as barriers to assimilation are not only political, the psychology of "partners" was predominant in this area ...
note was a kind of inner boundary to the homogenization of the social disparity, suggesting that the attempt to affirm the new identity of Algeria by the language and the land was an impasse, she stumbled on the question of nationality "Algerian" [2] : something, in fact, was limited, resisted the prospect of unification by the imaginary neo-Berber Louis Bertrand, some opaque body uncertain settlers / Anglicized / colonized / not similar), the hollow interior of their cultural, religious and perhaps "racial" [3] .
Beyond, literature could only give way to politics: it may propose, and she did not do private, but it does not belong to him to have ... Therefore, to persist in its vocation is to provide a playground for the imagination, led to abandon what it had helped to clarify for his readers, and change of scenery. But turn away of resistance or opacity as themes, is often ordered to see them come back as events (much less malleable) in reality ... Algerian Popular Party Messali Hajj had put its independence program from July 1937 [4] .
In this "bypass" the theme of the earth loses its appeal and force of its attraction, is internalized by: perspective proposed space to be conquered, he turned into achievements. Joined-up and starting point of the rising generation, it will infiltrate writing as his natural element, mingling with his material as his own brand: it will, now, the unity of your literature " Blackfoot " its common implied.
In this tipping, literary attention, once explicitly directed towards the ground, will be released. And, gradually turning away from Africa, white and black, it will be seduced by the sea .. Another way to return to origins: the Roman pagan, the Numidian Christian, and the power of the slumbering ancient heretics will be replaced the Mediterranean and the Greek wanderers, Morning of Phoenicians boasters.
War of 39-45 somewhat delay the implementation of this evolution, but eventually amplify decisively: the transformation of Algiers, capital of Free France (place of confrontation between supporters of General Giraud and those of General de Gaulle), which found the number of political refugees and folded writers had favored the circulation of ideas and tastes, while it temporarily in the community closer to the event. The post-war will do the rest and will increase offshoring - announcing the dispersal? And while giving the formal signs of reaching maturity and an election of permanent residence, such as publishing houses (Edmond Charlot, a friend of painters, bookseller and publisher of Free France, Giono, Camus of Robles, of Fréminville; Fontana Baconnier, Fouque, etc..) & Magazines ( Shores E. Charlot Fontaine Max-Pol Fouchet L'Arche and Jean Jacques Amrouche Lassaigne, The Nef , Sun, Simoun, etc..), the Mediterranean will take off: literally, settling outside Algeria; figuratively to, moving the scene of action as in the eighteenth century e better see the things and people closest, most familiar. Building solid foundations, the definition of secure borders, giving way to new beginnings and travel experience of excess - Sisyphus and Caligula ...
The sun feared the elegant (!), Which promotes culture and reward the hard work will (again) the sun blind and crazy. Tragic ambivalence. The new literary sensibility is right there, questioning the world and the meaning of our presence, with concern: humanity can go astray, we have learned from these recent deaths of millions of the Great War and the space may lose his seat, the earth is struck with amnesia, losing time great Continuity of the tilt in the conquest and fragile. The inner strife, internecine war, is not far.
School of Algiers (in the words of Gabriel Audisio) eloquently will make these tensions, these breaks, happiness, insecurity and opacity unfathomable passions, but it has enough great difficulty understanding the national claim of "rebels" Algerian :
- Albert Camus, Nobel quartered, who died in a car accident (in the company of the publisher Gallimard), when it lacks the words to the drama that bruised his flesh and countries, which were almost the same thing - his mother still [5] ... Marriage , L'Etranger , The Myth of Sisyphus , Plague, The Misunderstanding , Caligula, Exile and the Kingdom , etc.. The list is too well known of these works in which meaning is present on the default mode - ... the absurd - where the confusion of people makes it strange that the word of others came too late to stop the fall, where the intolerable silence, then, continues to talk without darkness vanishes for However, in the rush to laugh before I cry
- Emmanuel Robles, the "English", who knows the greatness and the sun and shade, nobility of duty, madness and the darkness of men. Action , Paradise Valley , Nights on the world , Montserrat , This is called the aurora , Heights City , etc.. It took the Grand Prize for Literature of Algeria, the Goncourt and the Prix Femina;
- Gabriel Audisio, the poet came to Marseille Men in the sun, Mediterranean Youth , Salt of the Sea , Ulysses or intelligence , The Oboe d'amore, Antaeus, etc.. Against the earth, he chose the sea for his country, and wanted oblivious of borders;
- Jean Grenier, a high school teacher Bugeaud (Albert Camus dedicated his acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize for Literature): Islands, Mediterranean Inspirations ;
- Claude Fréminville: Poems 1936-1942 , Mediterranean , Bufioz ;
- John Bogliolo, a pupil of Jean Grenier: Brush, the new arrivals , Algeria The Dad, Baby Jesus Bab el-Oued ;
- Jean Pélégri: The Boarding Monday , The Olives of justice ;
- Jules Roy, military writer, who will then price Renaudot the Grand Prix of Monaco and the literary prize for literature of French Academy : heaven and earth , The Happy Valley, Navigator , Woman unfaithful , War of Algeria ;
- René-Jean Ends: Ghosts sun , Footprints in salt , The perks ;
- Jean Senac, the poet, who will break with Camus, painfully decide the issue of identity, opting for early "Algerian nation" but by not applying for citizenship after Algerian independence, assassinated in 1973 and died in his country of choice - we still do not know by whom: Morning of my people.
There were many others who were not covered all of this inspiration, or, not same title: Paul Bellat Rene Cathala Rosfelder André, Jean-Pierre Millecam, Evelyne Stumph, Roger Curel (brother of Andrew Rosfelder), John Brown, for example, it is not possible to list them all, all, they told the flavor of the day and the shadows of the north African sun, the joys and uncertainties, difficulties and small satisfactions above all, they passed the acute sensation of provisional (and this, even the awkwardness expression may contribute), the rise and strength of frustration and inflexibility in the wake of the colonial quietude. They knew the risk. Some rejoiced, others feared But all they will suffer when the fire of civil war, monstrous self-surgery, will begin to separate without anesthesia, flesh, words, memories, work, pleasures and tears mingled inextricably, despite the divisions and hatred: hatred This looks like the love (John Brown, 1961) were our brothers (Marechal Juin, 1962), two "novels".
Final
Reconstructing a movement, with its differences, recall of significant items, set of images and ideas, propose names (of authors, works) as benchmarks, such was the ambition which is limited to this story: it requires a lot of indulgence for the inevitable gaps, omissions (and first of all, the writers' Algerian, Muslim or not, expression French), and simplifications.
This movement, in a sense, shattered net. Of course, the authors mentioned continue to occur after the independence of Algeria, but in a completely different dimension to the overwhelming majority of them: the forced exile (and, for some, redoubled by the policy ), that is to say in the absence of definitive reference ground.
Between speak or be silent, between language and country, he "had to" choose his place, dramatically: to do its necessary work of mourning, to writing that has a sequel.
Literature " Blackfoot " going to this fate, it was not without sense, and in this strange light that illuminates in retrospect, that it seems now, with a supplement of meaning that the fixed and overdetermined.
Twenty years later, it became difficult to appreciate as the only aesthetic but it would be unfair not to do [6] ...
Bibliographic Information:
Jean Déjeux, Poetry Algeria from 1630 to today , Paris, Mouton, 1963; Bibliography of literature "Algerian" of the French , Paris , CNRS, 1978; contemporary Algerian Literature, Paris, PUF Collection "Que Sais-je? "No. 1604. - Gabriel Audisio, The Algerian Writers , "Faces of Algeria, Paris, Horizons de France, 1953. - John Pomier Chronicle of Algiers (1910-1957) or the time of algeriana , Paris, La Pensee Universelle, 1972.
Notes:
[1] Mysterious power of literature and images it spreads ... The resentment against the Blackfoot metro - which traveled "tourist brochure" or have heard of and who have willingly believed - not that will be greater when the two e World War ended, they compare their situation with that during the Occupation held for much less uncomfortable, their compatriots from across the Mediterranean - which have seen them land the Allies 1942.
Besides, more underground, in massive repudiation of French Algeria came the day, so the Blackfoot - all identified large landowners concerned only to "the hooded sweat (!) - , number of metropolitan areas, even bending under the weight of their embarrassing love for Marshal Petain, later transferring to General de Gaulle, who had been discharged, against all odds, the liberation, would work to make them bear the brunt of almost Petainism that renewed their patriotism, their commitment to land and traditional values were "naturally" to a collective imagination in quite a discard pile, closer to the themes of Vichy propaganda - which was certainly true for many but not all. One reason why so many returnees were welcomed to their "return" ... [ Added in August 2010 ]
[2] question that had never emerged from the time of Ottoman rule (Eastern? Muslim?) But the French presence (Western? Christian?) had come to light, and probably prompted ... [ Added in August 2010 ]
[3] quotes are there to indicate that these fantasies and representations of more than doubtful "biology" and the harkis, "indigenous" Muslims who have chosen France will be violently opposed by the pro-independence Algerians left unprotected at the time of the withdrawal of French troops in the aftermath of the independence of Algeria and massacred by the thousands by the victors, those who have escaped and going to France will be very unwelcome and parked in appalling conditions, as we know or should know [ Added in August 2010 ].
[4] Shortly before, in January 1937, the 300 mayors of Algeria, in a congress in Algiers had voted unanimously against the timid Bill Blum-Violette, "to ensure that 20 000 to 25 000 French Muslims can become citizens while maintaining their personal status related to religion, believing" the French electorate (!) could find themselves a minority in some communes in Algeria, which would result in the attainment of a mayor and a council Muslim (!) in these councils, which could endanger according them (!!!) French sovereignty in this country .... " As for Messali Hajj, he too was opposed to this project, but for diametrically opposite reasons, "including [ seeing ] a new instrument of colonialism, called by the usual methods of France, dividing the Algerian people (?), separating the elite mass. According to Wikipedia, http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projet_Blum-Viollette , citing Charles-Andre Julien, North Africa turned , Paris, Omnibus, 2002 (rééd.), pp.113-114. Camus himself had signed the previous year a series of reports, conducted for the newspaper Algiers Republican entitled The great misery of Kabylia , which earned him a few problems with the authorities ... [ Added in August 2010 ]
[5] See, in this space, "A missed opportunity: Camus and phenomenology", posted July 7, 2009.
[6] Fifty years later, it was confirmed that the first writers Blackfoot or similar, too focused on their land in upheaval have essentially missed the aesthetic revolutions (expressionism, dada, surrealism, etc..) knew that at the same time the metropolis, and that the authors little known or unknown, so are almost all stayed: even the most prominent have been quickly forgotten. Those who succeeded them, have the most panoramic view, have not had the same misfortune in common, and if their origin "Blackfoot" is generally known, their work does not suffer from being labeled as such.
Nevertheless, going one step side to consider all from another angle, one can not but be struck by this: inventing, in the grip of a mysterious visitation-revelation, a paradigm-cultural aesthetic sense (enlarged) of the American epistemologist Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996), a window through which to look / see what is to hold true for - because that is what happens when fantasy comes the invention of Latin Algeria, powerful construction paranoid - Louis Bertrand will move (and all those, whatever their quality or "capacity" that adopt this paradigm, the better, allow themselves to divest by him is to say, act as if they were waiting for and accepting in advance that their actions and thoughts were prescribed by him ) produce a highly persuasive narrative, so the history and politics; the concrete, therefore, not only art - at least if, neglecting the disturbing lesson of Nietzsche's thinking about the manipulative power of affect in the ability to capture / convince the operas of Wagner, for example, it continues to make a design "accreditation / entertainment / idealization "...
Obliteration of a part of reality, of course, leading to hyper-activity and activism - as the first settlers are courageous and hard punishment - but also certainty of mad passion and complacency totalitarian, on both sides of the frontier and established between colonists and colonized, the day the denial of reality would no longer before the sudden emergence of what had been repressed but not foreclosed - because there never was Country "Algeria" (just look at a map and stop at the track clean the incredible southern border to be convinced) or Algerian nation "native" time of the Turk but distinct ethnic groups coexist somehow. The same gesture, highlighting the "Islam" as an issue "political" major in Algeria to become French, which they see very little late nineteenth and early twentieth e th centuries.
The "Islam", not as a religion faith commander, whose texts would be followed with more or less under the control of fidelity of priests and theologians allowed, but what it is for the greatest number, which is the lot of all religions, monotheistic or not, that the practice or not: condensation complex ethnic, genealogy group or family customs (including cooking), language, folk tales therefore may vary from one region to another (and supporting high potential incompatibilities and, up to and outright hostility, between individuals, however, referring to the same revelation) and identifications imaginary . The "Islam" as meaning opaque even to those who claim it is the rule for any religion as an obstacle to assimilation "civic" - the French political and military supporters of colonization tend to assimilationist XIX e and early twentieth e centuries - not only in terms of the ultras of French Algeria but also, and especially as it would one day become the "place" where the identity independent Algeria to seek the third world then lay the "Arabity" did not really work, or as the obstacle that would prevent its serene unity of being, like the terrible civil war that just took place showed us ...
Disturbing. [Added August 2010]
Written sun © Copyright 1982-2010 Richard Zrehen
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