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corroboration in the sun 3

It was there the indication of a shift toward the literary theme of the body, which will be central to the inspiration of posterity "Mediterranean", the literary movement that will gradually thereafter, but not quite the place, the Algerian.

Drifts

Several books had glorified the Mediterranean since the beginning of the century: between representations pleasant pastel and postcard, made of light and carefree sensuality. But gradually, the "meaning" of this pattern of travel brochure (which pleased both metropolitan [1] ) will evolve and grow: the Mediterranean will be promoted to the rank of central inspiration and become strong denominator ideological and literary in the late 1930s.

From land to sea, slipping marks a fairly clear concerns over the homeland. New "hero", the body of emotions, will relay the body of work and effort.

In the shadow of the pioneering literature, however, some insightful women had anticipated. They knew that the theme of the body is deeply ambivalent: it is not only potential usability or pleasures, as argued by the enthusiasts and dreamers inspired ... Combination concrete human (alliances, marriages, friendships) in which he enters for his production / reproduction are sometimes fragile, or sources of destabilization : The "social chemistry" is always complex, application dosages of subtlety, delicacy and tact, even in a land of conquest, vulnerable.

Many women have felt, were able to notify them: they must write a statement of concern and intuitive feminine choices. The Jews, with their new nationality, were concerned to find and rehabilitate their community these women were concerned to establish their social status - of women and French women in Algeria: he is quite revealing that they have done so obliquely, by comparison with the Algerian Muslim woman, on which they have chosen to focus.

Leaving the care of other women to support men walking on their feet (Anna Colnat with Virginie Duparc, landed in Algeria Lucienne Jean-Darrouy with The Marriage of Miss M Centhectares , for example), they preferred a more modest deal with daily, including the mixed marriage: Magali Boisnard, Maâdith , L'Enfant taciturn; Faure Jeanne-Sardet two women, Helia , a French in Algeria ; Lucienne Favre Eastern 1930. Marie Bugeja ( Our Muslim sisters , Visions of Algeria, eastern Seduction, etc..) Argued, for its part, it was better for Muslims to marry Muslim girls (in high the strong traditions), rather than with foreign ...

Thesis retrospectively little exciting, but had the undeniable merit of practical wisdom. The result is long proven that voluntarism was risky in the field manners, as barriers to assimilation are not only political, the psychology of "partners" was predominant in this area ...

note was a kind of inner boundary to the homogenization of the social disparity, suggesting that the attempt to affirm the new identity of Algeria by the language and the land was an impasse, she stumbled on the question of nationality "Algerian" [2] : something, in fact, was limited, resisted the prospect of unification by the imaginary neo-Berber Louis Bertrand, some opaque body uncertain settlers / Anglicized / colonized / not similar), the hollow interior of their cultural, religious and perhaps "racial" [3] .

Beyond, literature could only give way to politics: it may propose, and she did not do private, but it does not belong to him to have ... Therefore, to persist in its vocation is to provide a playground for the imagination, led to abandon what it had helped to clarify for his readers, and change of scenery. But turn away of resistance or opacity as themes, is often ordered to see them come back as events (much less malleable) in reality ... Algerian Popular Party Messali Hajj had put its independence program from July 1937 [4] .

In this "bypass" the theme of the earth loses its appeal and force of its attraction, is internalized by: perspective proposed space to be conquered, he turned into achievements. Joined-up and starting point of the rising generation, it will infiltrate writing as his natural element, mingling with his material as his own brand: it will, now, the unity of your literature " Blackfoot " its common implied.

In this tipping, literary attention, once explicitly directed towards the ground, will be released. And, gradually turning away from Africa, white and black, it will be seduced by the sea .. Another way to return to origins: the Roman pagan, the Numidian Christian, and the power of the slumbering ancient heretics will be replaced the Mediterranean and the Greek wanderers, Morning of Phoenicians boasters.

War of 39-45 somewhat delay the implementation of this evolution, but eventually amplify decisively: the transformation of Algiers, capital of Free France (place of confrontation between supporters of General Giraud and those of General de Gaulle), which found the number of political refugees and folded writers had favored the circulation of ideas and tastes, while it temporarily in the community closer to the event. The post-war will do the rest and will increase offshoring - announcing the dispersal? And while giving the formal signs of reaching maturity and an election of permanent residence, such as publishing houses (Edmond Charlot, a friend of painters, bookseller and publisher of Free France, Giono, Camus of Robles, of Fréminville; Fontana Baconnier, Fouque, etc..) & Magazines ( Shores E. Charlot Fontaine Max-Pol Fouchet L'Arche and Jean Jacques Amrouche Lassaigne, The Nef , Sun, Simoun, etc..), the Mediterranean will take off: literally, settling outside Algeria; figuratively to, moving the scene of action as in the eighteenth century ^e better see the things and people closest, most familiar. Building solid foundations, the definition of secure borders, giving way to new beginnings and travel experience of excess - Sisyphus and Caligula ...

The sun feared the elegant (!), Which promotes culture and reward the hard work will (again) the sun blind and crazy. Tragic ambivalence. The new literary sensibility is right there, questioning the world and the meaning of our presence, with concern: humanity can go astray, we have learned from these recent deaths of millions of the Great War and the space may lose his seat, the earth is struck with amnesia, losing time great Continuity of the tilt in the conquest and fragile. The inner strife, internecine war, is not far.

School of Algiers (in the words of Gabriel Audisio) eloquently will make these tensions, these breaks, happiness, insecurity and opacity unfathomable passions, but it has enough great difficulty understanding the national claim of "rebels" Algerian :

- Albert Camus, Nobel quartered, who died in a car accident (in the company of the publisher Gallimard), when it lacks the words to the drama that bruised his flesh and countries, which were almost the same thing - his mother still [5] ... Marriage , L'Etranger , The Myth of Sisyphus , Plague, The Misunderstanding , Caligula, Exile and the Kingdom , etc.. The list is too well known of these works in which meaning is present on the default mode - ... the absurd - where the confusion of people makes it strange that the word of others came too late to stop the fall, where the intolerable silence, then, continues to talk without darkness vanishes for However, in the rush to laugh before I cry

- Emmanuel Robles, the "English", who knows the greatness and the sun and shade, nobility of duty, madness and the darkness of men. Action , Paradise Valley , Nights on the world , Montserrat , This is called the aurora , Heights City , etc.. It took the Grand Prize for Literature of Algeria, the Goncourt and the Prix Femina;

- Gabriel Audisio, the poet came to Marseille Men in the sun, Mediterranean Youth , Salt of the Sea , Ulysses or intelligence , The Oboe d'amore, Antaeus, etc.. Against the earth, he chose the sea for his country, and wanted oblivious of borders;

- Jean Grenier, a high school teacher Bugeaud (Albert Camus dedicated his acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize for Literature): Islands, Mediterranean Inspirations ;

- Claude Fréminville: Poems 1936-1942 , Mediterranean , Bufioz ;

- John Bogliolo, a pupil of Jean Grenier: Brush, the new arrivals , Algeria The Dad, Baby Jesus Bab el-Oued ;

- Jean Pélégri: The Boarding Monday , The Olives of justice ;

- Jules Roy, military writer, who will then price Renaudot the Grand Prix of Monaco and the literary prize for literature of French Academy : heaven and earth , The Happy Valley, Navigator , Woman unfaithful , War of Algeria ;

- René-Jean Ends: Ghosts sun , Footprints in salt , The perks ;

- Jean Senac, the poet, who will break with Camus, painfully decide the issue of identity, opting for early "Algerian nation" but by not applying for citizenship after Algerian independence, assassinated in 1973 and died in his country of choice - we still do not know by whom: Morning of my people.

There were many others who were not covered all of this inspiration, or, not same title: Paul Bellat Rene Cathala Rosfelder André, Jean-Pierre Millecam, Evelyne Stumph, Roger Curel (brother of Andrew Rosfelder), John Brown, for example, it is not possible to list them all, all, they told the flavor of the day and the shadows of the north African sun, the joys and uncertainties, difficulties and small satisfactions above all, they passed the acute sensation of provisional (and this, even the awkwardness expression may contribute), the rise and strength of frustration and inflexibility in the wake of the colonial quietude. They knew the risk. Some rejoiced, others feared But all they will suffer when the fire of civil war, monstrous self-surgery, will begin to separate without anesthesia, flesh, words, memories, work, pleasures and tears mingled inextricably, despite the divisions and hatred: hatred This looks like the love (John Brown, 1961) were our brothers (Marechal Juin, 1962), two "novels".

Final

Reconstructing a movement, with its differences, recall of significant items, set of images and ideas, propose names (of authors, works) as benchmarks, such was the ambition which is limited to this story: it requires a lot of indulgence for the inevitable gaps, omissions (and first of all, the writers' Algerian, Muslim or not, expression French), and simplifications.

This movement, in a sense, shattered net. Of course, the authors mentioned continue to occur after the independence of Algeria, but in a completely different dimension to the overwhelming majority of them: the forced exile (and, for some, redoubled by the policy ), that is to say in the absence of definitive reference ground.

Between speak or be silent, between language and country, he "had to" choose his place, dramatically: to do its necessary work of mourning, to writing that has a sequel.

Literature " Blackfoot " going to this fate, it was not without sense, and in this strange light that illuminates in retrospect, that it seems now, with a supplement of meaning that the fixed and overdetermined.

Twenty years later, it became difficult to appreciate as the only aesthetic but it would be unfair not to do [6] ...

Bibliographic Information:

Jean Déjeux, Poetry Algeria from 1630 to today , Paris, Mouton, 1963; Bibliography of literature "Algerian" of the French , Paris , CNRS, 1978; contemporary Algerian Literature, Paris, PUF Collection "Que Sais-je? "No. 1604. - Gabriel Audisio, The Algerian Writers , "Faces of Algeria, Paris, Horizons de France, 1953. - John Pomier Chronicle of Algiers (1910-1957) or the time of algeriana , Paris, La Pensee Universelle, 1972.

Notes:

[1] Mysterious power of literature and images it spreads ... The resentment against the Blackfoot metro - which traveled "tourist brochure" or have heard of and who have willingly believed - not that will be greater when the two ^e World War ended, they compare their situation with that during the Occupation held for much less uncomfortable, their compatriots from across the Mediterranean - which have seen them land the Allies 1942.

Besides, more underground, in massive repudiation of French Algeria came the day, so the Blackfoot - all identified large landowners concerned only to "the hooded sweat (!) - , number of metropolitan areas, even bending under the weight of their embarrassing love for Marshal Petain, later transferring to General de Gaulle, who had been discharged, against all odds, the liberation, would work to make them bear the brunt of almost Petainism that renewed their patriotism, their commitment to land and traditional values were "naturally" to a collective imagination in quite a discard pile, closer to the themes of Vichy propaganda - which was certainly true for many but not all. One reason why so many returnees were welcomed to their "return" ... [ Added in August 2010 ]

[2] question that had never emerged from the time of Ottoman rule (Eastern? Muslim?) But the French presence (Western? Christian?) had come to light, and probably prompted ... [ Added in August 2010 ]

[3] quotes are there to indicate that these fantasies and representations of more than doubtful "biology" and the harkis, "indigenous" Muslims who have chosen France will be violently opposed by the pro-independence Algerians left unprotected at the time of the withdrawal of French troops in the aftermath of the independence of Algeria and massacred by the thousands by the victors, those who have escaped and going to France will be very unwelcome and parked in appalling conditions, as we know or should know [ Added in August 2010 ].

[4] Shortly before, in January 1937, the 300 mayors of Algeria, in a congress in Algiers had voted unanimously against the timid Bill Blum-Violette, "to ensure that 20 000 to 25 000 French Muslims can become citizens while maintaining their personal status related to religion, believing" the French electorate (!) could find themselves a minority in some communes in Algeria, which would result in the attainment of a mayor and a council Muslim (!) in these councils, which could endanger according them (!!!) French sovereignty in this country .... " As for Messali Hajj, he too was opposed to this project, but for diametrically opposite reasons, "including [ seeing ] a new instrument of colonialism, called by the usual methods of France, dividing the Algerian people (?), separating the elite mass. According to Wikipedia, http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projet_Blum-Viollette , citing Charles-Andre Julien, North Africa turned , Paris, Omnibus, 2002 (rééd.), pp.113-114. Camus himself had signed the previous year a series of reports, conducted for the newspaper Algiers Republican entitled The great misery of Kabylia , which earned him a few problems with the authorities ... [ Added in August 2010 ]

[5] See, in this space, "A missed opportunity: Camus and phenomenology", posted July 7, 2009.

[6] Fifty years later, it was confirmed that the first writers Blackfoot or similar, too focused on their land in upheaval have essentially missed the aesthetic revolutions (expressionism, dada, surrealism, etc..) knew that at the same time the metropolis, and that the authors little known or unknown, so are almost all stayed: even the most prominent have been quickly forgotten. Those who succeeded them, have the most panoramic view, have not had the same misfortune in common, and if their origin "Blackfoot" is generally known, their work does not suffer from being labeled as such.

Nevertheless, going one step side to consider all from another angle, one can not but be struck by this: inventing, in the grip of a mysterious visitation-revelation, a paradigm-cultural aesthetic sense (enlarged) of the American epistemologist Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996), a window through which to look / see what is to hold true for - because that is what happens when fantasy comes the invention of Latin Algeria, powerful construction paranoid - Louis Bertrand will move (and all those, whatever their quality or "capacity" that adopt this paradigm, the better, allow themselves to divest by him is to say, act as if they were waiting for and accepting in advance that their actions and thoughts were prescribed by him ) produce a highly persuasive narrative, so the history and politics; the concrete, therefore, not only art - at least if, neglecting the disturbing lesson of Nietzsche's thinking about the manipulative power of affect in the ability to capture / convince the operas of Wagner, for example, it continues to make a design "accreditation / entertainment / idealization "...

Obliteration of a part of reality, of course, leading to hyper-activity and activism - as the first settlers are courageous and hard punishment - but also certainty of mad passion and complacency totalitarian, on both sides of the frontier and established between colonists and colonized, the day the denial of reality would no longer before the sudden emergence of what had been repressed but not foreclosed - because there never was Country "Algeria" (just look at a map and stop at the track clean the incredible southern border to be convinced) or Algerian nation "native" time of the Turk but distinct ethnic groups coexist somehow. The same gesture, highlighting the "Islam" as an issue "political" major in Algeria to become French, which they see very little ^{late nineteenth and early twentieth} e th centuries.

The "Islam", not as a religion faith commander, whose texts would be followed with more or less under the control of fidelity of priests and theologians allowed, but what it is for the greatest number, which is the lot of all religions, monotheistic or not, that the practice or not: condensation complex ethnic, genealogy group or family customs (including cooking), language, folk tales therefore may vary from one region to another (and supporting high potential incompatibilities and, up to and outright hostility, between individuals, however, referring to the same revelation) and identifications imaginary . The "Islam" as meaning opaque even to those who claim it is the rule for any religion as an obstacle to assimilation "civic" - the French political and military supporters of colonization tend to assimilationist XIX ^e and early twentieth ^e centuries - not only in terms of the ultras of French Algeria but also, and especially as it would one day become the "place" where the identity independent Algeria to seek the third world then lay the "Arabity" did not really work, or as the obstacle that would prevent its serene unity of being, like the terrible civil war that just took place showed us ...

Disturbing. [Added August 2010]

Written sun © Copyright 1982-2010 Richard Zrehen

Plansfor Wooden Ironing Board

WRITING IN THE SUN 2

This shows that at the time of beginnings, where it's all about "who speaks? "It goes without saying that literature is perspective, entertainment or fiction frank: neither the authors nor the readers. It would be closer to the story "fictionalized" or chronic "realistic." And dangers, the inevitable is not sensitive when the literary dimension, which is essentially a distance, are great: literature is a matter of aesthetics and is not meant to be consensual or prove the accuracy or veracity of his arguments ...

The "vision" enthusiastic and prophetic L. Bertrand, will soon be shared, reproduced, explored, detailed, redesigned with a more or less inspired by many writers (including: C. Hagel, R. Hughes, L. Lecoq, J. Pomier, R. Randau, A. Rousse), who have recognized a "space" as they could hold their own inclination: the more firmly that it could base their legitimacy of French writers in Algeria. A "Space" for them, their size, in the newly imported language on earth, now in the process to take root: the Algerian .

For other writers, the Jews of Algeria, had made things more "naturally" because their presence on Algerian soil need not be similarly justified ... Belonging to a large community, although composite (the descendants of the contemporaries of the Roman presence and local populations that they had converted were mixed, much later, the heirs expelled from the Iberian Peninsula, themselves from the Maghreb for the most part) but strongly cemented by a religious-cultural tradition alive, they suffered from marginalization to which the powers contained not so much pre-conquest [1 ] their Muslim neighbors: Some prominent Jews could well be distinguished relations between individuals here or there could be very good, but the community as a whole was generally despised and subject to a number of small annoyances.

The Arab Maghreb, the Jews shared with other "natives" being the common language of humiliation at the same time as the good-neighborly relations (!) is in French (language for which they would soon devotion) that they would try to awareness and recognition of a collective identity which they had strong consciousness long before the decree Cremieux [2] that would make them French citizens in 1870, they already loved in France in 1789, which declared the universality of human Rights and emancipated "his" Jews.

Literature, too, but strong staining ethnicity. It is with concern that these French forms of recent date, that emancipation had come to "liberate" where they were, began to present themselves to their fellow citizens, who were not always well disposed towards these newly promoted [3] : in their language, with happiness and hope, by telling their dreams, but also the everyday ordinary.

The Oran Saadia Levy (1875-1951), who will soon move to France where her literary salon will be attended, among others, by Guillaume Apollinaire and Max Jacob, in 1896 published the first Jewish novel Maghreb Rabbi, written in collaboration with R. Randau; amazing novel, which tells the "tragic westernization" of a young rabbi in Tetouan (Morocco) became a trader at Sidi-Bel-Abbes (Algeria) ... Female voices, a sign of emancipation, took the opportunity to be heard: the Constantine Maximilian Heller (who will receive the Grand Prize for Literature of Algeria in 1923), Elissa Rhaïs ( Jews or the daughter of Eleazar , The Wedding Hanifa), for example.

Convergences

1910, writers gathered to take note of their affinity or, more accurately, their proximity to "theoretical" in order to make it official. But it is in the same practice in writing confirmed this was going to find unity of purpose, this kinship in sensibility: she finds a kind of culmination in the foundation, delayed by the fault of the Great War (which will, at least, the excuse to bring back Alsace and Lorraine in the bosom of France, "freeing" and the imaginary Blackfoot its legal guardianship [4] ), the Association of Algerian Writers [5] And the parallel creation of the Grand Prize for Literature of Algeria in 1921 by poet, writer and civil servant Jean Toulouse Pomier ) .

The previous year had given a preface noticed a sort of kickoff to the movement algeriana: presenting the collection Thirteen African poets (that is to say, Algerian) [6] Robert Randau (pseudonym R. Arnaud [7] ), befriended John Pomier, delivered, in fact, a manifesto.

With this set parts (though close to the Parnassus Paris), it was nothing less, he said, that give shape and contour to the idea of "young Franco-Berber people" who would come to "take" French language in Algerian soil, to make it exist in some way; make the tone of his sensitive soul. Duties necessary for the affirmation of singularity tangible token of cultural emancipation proclamation.

What characterized the best poetry, as Randau was the sensuality of expression, words of love sound, music and barbaric lush sensuality. Traits that reminded him of the style and inspiration of Apuleius [8] , St. Augustine, too, and he considered a clear sign of continuity restored, over time, with spirituality ancient.

We see that R. Randau, born in Algeria (he died), endorsed the conviction of L. Bertrand: he argues, too, that the ancient Arab conquerors were "digested" by a Barbary inentamée and vigorous, and this "preface", which extends some of his novels, allows him to provide some "evidence" and illustrations .

Louis Bertrand And applauding in response.

preface, in turn, proposed an anthology in 1925, Our Africa [9] , he said his joy at seeing the very thing he dearly wanted: the assumption of a vocation awareness of a "race" [10] prelude to the resurrection of Latin Africa. And outbid neighborhoods and sleek look, highlighted by the environmental Randau between ancient forms and modern productions: same sense of reasoning and construction, even the temptation of excess the flamboyance and excesses, even pride in asserting itself in fidelity and sworn undertaking the task, even conscience clear, finally, hostility, men like nature, and strength - which paradoxically makes joyous and serious, precisely because it is proportionate to the value of the fight.

Several personalities emerge algeriana movement, with works of literature that are "scheduled", as was said of the music at the beginning of XX century ^e :

- Robert Randau that his past explorer in Africa, as administrator and good relations to the attention of Metropolis Design. His novels "Algerian" (he also wrote about Africa black) men camped in which he wanted to recognize, or that he wanted to close, who speak and act honestly believed: Settlers, The Algerian ( 1911), Cassard Berber, Diko, brother of the coast . In 1936, the year of unrest in France as in Algeria, he wrote a novel curiously premonitory Professor Martin philistine Algiers, where the foreknowledge of the writer relays the acute flair of the director: his hero, sharing the concern expressed by L. Bertrand [11] , also the revelation of an indomitable force, who waits patiently for the right moment and Professor Martin is worried that the Barbary did not really "assimilated" the invaders [12] ... - Privilege of the artist who feels before we know.

- Louis Lecoq, the first president of the AEA He is the novels of "gender" that depict the types of people and behaviors they have in common: Broumtiche and Kabyle (written in collaboration with C. Hagel) Five in your eye, Sun, Pascualet Algerian , etc..

- Stéphane Chasseray, who turns away from the city and dedicated to making flavor of rural life: Stories Mehlouf Wadi, Wadi Stories Mehlouf , etc..

- Albert Truphémus, former inspector of primary school came to the continent before World War I, he will retire in Algeria. Open man, to look "sharp", it has a substantial decline, it must mainly transferred to the state of recent, more, he wants "impartial and thorough" as he should be a true product of the secular and republican school ... It will, in the Hotel du Sersou (1930), a sort of compendium of colonial society, a portrait of "family" without complacency, which many believed to recognize, with irritation. Precisely for this reason, not for its potential weaknesses of writing this novel will be poorly received discordant: home confirming that the desire identification then prevailed among readers about the pleasure aesthetic as "truth" of the story kept more than the skill with which it was made.

Five years later, A. Truphémus provide a way for (prescient in his own way) to C. Courtin, which in The Bush Man Who Ate (story of a settler rejected by nature he is trying to dominate), had demonstrated the possession of a rebel ground could be dangerous for intruders : it will show, for its part, that "come to live in a language," thus gestures and customs, was no less risky. And his hero, Ferhat, teacher native who "pass" at (x) French, eventually ending his life because he does not know where or how to be: in relation to his moving away, to those of his choice who remain distant , to himself at last, that is lost.

- Ferdinand Duchêne, curious customs and local traditions. He is an important cycle of "Barbary" At slow caravans , The Rekba , The Shepherd of Akfadou , etc.. He is also inspired works more directly sociological in Those of Algeria, he distinguished between Algerian (by which he means, like everyone else until almost 1962, the European origin), the natives (that is to say, Muslims) and Jews. Groups border not always accurate, he would try to capture as close to their specificity, approaching them, not without keen sense, through their table manners. Thus he described in Mouna, hide and couscous , sympathetic components of a possible collective identification register for these different populations: Within the language, cultural and physical intimacy with food. Register concrete, rich opportunities to exchange sharing and integration: we have come to know since the sustainable wealth couscous!

It was there indication of a shift toward the literary theme of the body, which will be central to the inspiration of posterity "Mediterranean", the literary movement that will gradually thereafter, but not quite is the square of the Algerian.

continued ...

Notes:

[1] The Turk who ruled Algeria, had he not met with enthusiasm expelled from Spain and Portugal? [Added August 2010].

[2] "Cremieux Decree [named after Isaac Jacob Cremieux, Adolphe Cremieux said (1796-1880), lawyer, member several times, several times Minister of Justice , chairman of the Central Consistory and the Alliance Israelite Universelle ] ... means ^{Decrees No. 136 and No.} No. 137 of October 24, 1870 ... Decree n o 136 automatically grants citizenship to 35,000 French Jews in Algeria in these terms:''The Jews indigenous departments of Algeria are declared French citizens and, consequently, their actual status and their personal status shall, after the promulgation of this decree, settled by French law, all rights granted to this day remains inviolable. Any legislation, any Senatufconfultum, decree, order or regulation contrary, are abolished.'' It is supplemented by Decree No. 137 on ^o ''On the naturalization of Muslim natives and foreigners living in Algeria'': for what concerns them, the French citizenship ''can be obtained at the age of twenty-one years'' and at their request. " Wikipedia, http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D% C3% A9cret_Cr% C3% A9mieux [Added August 2010].

[3] To confine ourselves to Algeria, Drumont, MP Algiers since 1898, when his election to oppose the retrial of Dreyfus, will demand action against Emile Zola and ask the following year, the repeal of Decree Cremieux, with the support of four members of Algeria. This decree shall be repealed October 7, 1940 by the Vichy regime and replaced by the "Jewish status" and will be reinstated October 20, 1943, by the French Committee of National Liberation. - After their nationality, is their very presence on Algerian soil that would one day be challenged, as we know ... [Added in August 2010

[4] The French in Algeria, too busy building the country, do not generally perceive this decoupling, which they discover the extent that on the day of the decision of General de Gaulle, strongly supported by an opinion metropolitan public that they had not perceived that she had long since turned away from them, to grant independence to Algeria ... [Added August 2010].

[5] Africa , newsletter AEA, its focal point and forum, will be launched in 1924 and lived until 1960.

[6] Contents include: Charles Courtin, Charles Hagel, Louis Lecoq, Maximilian Heller, Leo Wolf, Albert Tust.

[7] Arnaud Ducheyron Robert Beaumont of Robert Hall said Randau (1873-1950), officer, explorer, anthropologist, sociologist, novelist and poet [Added August 2010] .

[8] Apuleius ( ca 125 - ca 170), a rich heir born Roman Numidia (present northern Algeria), lawyer, lecturer, philosopher Platonizing, speaking Berber, Greek and Latin, known for his interest in magic, strange Eastern religions, writer "precious", author of The Golden Ass or Metamorphoses , Apology and Florida , Plato and his doctrine , On the God of Socrates , Booklets and philosophical From world (Paris , Les Belles Lettres ) [Added August 2010] .

[9] Dedicated to "African storytelling," she met including texts of S. Chasseray, C. Hagel, M. Heller, L. Lecoq, R. Randau, but also a new, 's brother Etthaous , a Muslim author, Abdelkader Fikri (Abdelkader Hadj Hamou he signs) - few years later he co-sign with R. Randau an essay on relations between French and Muslim entitled The Companions of the Garden .

[10] This "race" can be seen, assessed First, his style and his works ... Written see the sun a (posted August 17, 2010), footnote 9.

[11] Louis Bertrand, Memory, " On the roads of the South" op. cit. See Written in the sun a .

[12] R. Randau had its way out to "exorcise" the threat, practicing in his field fraternization he wanted to see concrete spread: it was said, he wrote in collaboration with the Hebrew Levi and Saadia The Muslim Abdelkader Fikri .

Written sun © copyright 1982-2010 Richard Zrehen

Why Is The Tip Of My Tougue Red

WRITING IN THE SUN 1

late 1981, the writer Lucien Elia ( The failures of the diaspora, Tinplate ), met at Publicis, where we work both on different floors, offers me to participate in a project that coordinates with his wife Miriam, a book for the general public devoted to the Blackfoot, those Europeans who settled in Algeria after the French conquest , whose publication should correspond with 20 years of Algerian independence. My task: to treat (but somewhat serious) of literature in French in Algeria from 1830 to 1962, specifically in the literature that is concerned with "local". Many books on writing already outdated when they appear, much to the reputation of authors uncertain of major exceptions, of course, but overall, authenticity (!), The tone of the momentum racialism and a surprising ... A literature-witness charming but also of darkness, who will long be to literature "metropolitan" what the French ancien regime spoke at the court of the Duke of Berry (and Quebec) was the French post-revolutionary Paris: exotic but informative.

The book was published in 1982 with Philip Lebaud, editor in Paris, with a preface by Emmanuel Robles. Here is my contribution, some free of factual errors and expanded notes probably useful for some 30 years of drift "politically correct" after. RZ .

Publish Post

*

Dating

Through the themes it addresses and formats for our pleasure, our amusement, our construction or our confusion, characters that actually exist and live, works if it has contrasting raised, literature "Blackfoot" unfolds, throughout its short history, same adventure, passionate and difficultueuse: that of a proud tongue out of its site " natural "to meet a new earth, get exposure, tame, enjoy, perhaps abusing, surely recognize - the risk of being lost ...

A tongue of land. Which inhabits the moves, the specifies what awaits one and the other, which threatens them, too. Lively adventure, to which the violence of separation, only put an abrupt end. Pain of exile. But this will be clearly visible once the "principles" firmly established: after the military conquest, is not conducive to questions or aesthetics, is completed.

When France gained a foothold in Algeria [1] , "His glory fills the whole earth" [2] his tongue, hard to the powerful, is sweet to the ears and mouths Nations, for having sung the emancipation of peoples. French is the idiom of freedom. It is the language of universality vast and generous, which dissolves the "selfish and reactionary particularism" its usage has been taxed at all for the "common good" within the Hexagon: the cons patois and dialects which, they said, unfairly restrict the opportunities agreement between men [3] . It is this promise is this expectation that spend the Mediterranean.

And soldiers who conduct, direct descendants of a Roman Republic that had desired, a King-Roman Catholic and in need of legitimacy, then an emperor who had willingly enrolled in this relationship, find a spontaneous tone and inspiration from Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars . The noise of battle barely faded, many will deliver Memoirs, Stories and Letters: from the cruel Marshal Saint-Arnaud, adventurer schemer and without hesitation, until the terrible and famous Marshal Bugeaud.

-writers will travel to France, after them, to authenticate a stay-alibi their musings on the "East" accessible and close - inaugurating a long series of simplifications and misunderstandings. Fromentin, for example, painter and writer attracted to the desert ( One summer in the Sahara [4] ), is bringing his audience of metropolitan sedentary, apparently eager to be captivated and seduced, a set of representations that will Long life: great picture, but flimsy and unreal, a colored earth that is irresistibly reminiscent of a stage set or composition academic.

lack a voice though, and those just mentioned can take place and a voice speaking from Algeria and Algerians who will address "new way" to those who want be, to others also ... A voice restive at the joint. As if the successful conquest of the earth (the weapons first, then the cart [5] ) should still be pursued, but in a less assured - because it seeks the battle for hearts, not just the submission of body, that of words to fit on this conquest for the spirits it can "recognize" .. .

But there is no guarantee that we can tell stories innocently, without putting something infinitely precious knew and felt, often despite themselves, those who lived and spoke "on the spot "those who, wishing to writers, chose to work with the words we use to make them mechanically resonate differently.

Thus, it is under pseudonyms that appear, from 1895 to 1920, the comic adventures of Cagayous, savory character of language: the author, born "native" of the country, could not write at the cost of double pirouette. Official, journalist, columnist, songwriter, he conceals his name (Augustus Robinet, 1862-1930), signed "Lunchbox," and its hero, a familiar type, that of small malignant, end-to-train, cheeky and resourceful , expressed by altering the language: what it recognizes the local characteristic - mark Bab el-Oued district of Algiers, became legendary. But in addition, it is unfortunate and significant, Cagayous made concessions to anti-Semitism [6] : you can see a dubious tribute paid to France, then shaken and deeply divided by the Dreyfus Affair [7] , we can see Also, more hidden, a sign that the new cultural identity emerging in Algeria could arise that explicitly opposed to any foil, can not assert that mocking, even denying the other - including yourself.

This practical difficulty to compare themselves to the country, language and yourself is even better illustrated if we dare say, by Isabelle Eberhardt, who to speak and write, was hidden under several masks, which cover much of denials or impossibilities, and earned him disapproval and misunderstanding: Swiss origin, married to a Muslim French citizen, NCO spahi, she was crisscrossing the back country, dressing and behaving like a man, she claimed to have been Muslim [ she converted to Islam in 1897 ] , and he happened to sign Mahmoud. It will disappear in 1904, twenty-seven years in flooding. Ultimate withdrawal, his books, which show a great affection for the earth and its inhabitants before the conquest [ she took an active part in the struggle some against the French presence ] , not published until after his death In the warm shade of Islam , Notes road, tramps , etc..

This reminder should assess the significant contribution of Louis Bertrand, who was able to stop the swing between language and land, and highlighting some of the features identified above, provide the framework solids in which cultural identity "Blackfoot" was formed, which has invented the subject attractive she was electively fed for a long time. He was able to solve "preferably" the contradictions that had embarrassed some of his predecessors, calling otherwise they could not do the land in question ... France is, according to him, almost at home in Algeria - it will be seen by what process. Better than a conquest, it would be a reunion!

For Louis Bertrand, historian, essayist and future academician (he held the chair in 1926 by Maurice Barres) is more than a belief: it is a necessity.

In 1891, after passing through Aix-en-Provence and Bourg-en-Bresse, he was in high school Bugeaud in Algiers: it is twenty-five years and rebellious impatience. Lorraine, where he was born, for too long now, ceased to be French, like Alsace. The loss of these provinces, beloved of all, a wound is still as strong [8] : will find it substantially modified and the significance of the conquest and the symbolic value of Algeria - which ends up making Figure counterpart territorial compensation in the cruel and humiliating between France's strict parent to Prussia. But more than a reasonable consolation, it is a call Louis Bertrand awaits on the other side of the Mediterranean, leaving behind a country exhausted, defeated, irresolute, he discovered a country strong and willful, staggering beauty, the past gives him vertigo and hope.

Possession warrior will gradually give way to orderly occupation, who will sit down to detail the installation and enable sustainable development: it builds, you dig, one terrace, open roads and highways [9] . At the same time you build the future, it brings to light the hidden treasures. Roman ruins, roman remains. From then on, everything becomes simple and bright: France is coming to repossess his Roman heritage - not so much republican or imperial Christian, this land watered with the blood of martyrs (title of a novel by L. Bertrand), still rustling the preaching of Augustine and Bishop Cyprian incandescent controversies with heretics and pagans. Each excavated ruins, fragments of concrete memory, the comfort found in France a portion of his property, she had legitimate title to assert on these places ...

Much therefore followed with herself: "other" were not quite there for them, or at least, could not avail themselves of rights and books as old. He had to learn as a result of L. Bertrand, not to focus exclusively on the "Arabs" [10] , and to the credit of new (re) from the value of their involvement in the ancient and new Numidia.

With Blood breeds , The Cina, Pepete and Balthazar, Ms. Grant The Petitgand , The Roman conquest , and many other books, he says, Africa and Latin Berber, Numidia Christian [11] , Valour and courage of the settlers, their eagerness, their nobility and heroism discreet, he will applaud the birth of a new "type of man" is experienced during exercise, challenge and ambition builder: heir and dynamic voluntary opposing brilliantly mannered fearful of "rentier" metropolis, the moral resources dwindled.

He will also say, in a page of his memoirs , having earlier raised his eyes lower, farther on Roads South (title of a section of the book), and found the presence threatening the evil tempter, the enemy still waiting for his time ...

In this appeal, L. Bertrand, persuasive message, will the Mediterranean past, make a work compelling. It will echo amplified: first ideological and aesthetic theme, which will release an organized literary movement, the Algerian , it will turn, oversimplified, a belief in politics - when the literary movement will begin to decline [12] .

This shows that at the time of beginnings, where it's all about "who speaks? "It goes without saying that literature is perspective, entertainment or fiction frank: neither the authors nor the readers. It would be closer to the story "fictionalized" or chronic "realistic." And dangers, the inevitable is not sensitive when the literary dimension, which is essentially a distance, are great: literature is a matter Esthetics and is not meant to be consensual or prove the accuracy or veracity of his arguments ...

continued ...

Notes:

[1] recall that the conquest of Algeria, then under Ottoman rule and full inner turmoil, was undertaken by France to secure shipping routes and stop the piracy of "barbarian" rapteurs great Christians of the Mediterranean coast for slavery [Added August 2010] .

[2] Isaiah VI, 3.

[3] Abbé Grégoire Report on the need and means to annihilate the patois and to universalize the use of French , 1794: " can standardize the language of a great nation, so that all citizens who compose it can no obstacle to communicate their thoughts ... " [Added August 2010].

[4] One summer in the Sahara , which dates from 1857, should not be confused with A year in the Sahel of that Fromentin, which dates from 1859.

[5] Bugeaud's motto was: Ense and Aratro "by the sword and the plow" [Added August 2010] .

[6] In fact, Cagayous (which means "the shit" means "the bleary," in Occitan language), a leading figure of the lumpen proletariat of Algiers, thug living in small and petty theft scams ladles, delighting with his band to play wicked tricks on his contemporaries, and Gavroche reactionary popular great figure of French Algeria, is constitutively and pathologically anti-Jewish. One of his adventures (released 1898) is titled "Cagayous anti-Jewish", in which Musette wrote in the preface: "anti-Jewish Cagayous! ... He is from the soles of feet to the hairline ... It could, moreover, develop differently this wildflower Algerian pad, push in saltpetre and dung under a rising sun "... See Paul Siblot, "Cagayous anti-Jewish." A speech prey to colonial racialization , words. The language of politics ( ENS-Editions ), No. 15, 1987 [Added August 2010].

[7] The final sequence of anti-Jewish Cagayous Drumont reports the election, in 1898 became member of Algiers, a city just held the bloody anti-Jewish riots resulting from the condemnation of Dreyfus , involving many "Patriots" and indigenous [Added August 2010].

[8] Tales Monday (1873) by Alphonse Daudet, for example, bear testimony. There will be more sensitive than the same Daudet, who knew how to be open to this drama then, did the previous year, proof of his inability to understand Algeria - in his Tartarin Tarascon disappointing from that point of view. He has a numerous posterity ... As for the famous book Barres The Uprooted, it dates 1897.

[9] And we "civilized"! P. Siblot in De anti-colonialism to anti-racism: from silence in contradiction, " words. The language of politics ( ENS-Editions ), No. 18, 1989, pp. 61-63, a few reports about well-intentioned: " I think our new conquest is something happy and great. It works on civilization barbarism. It is an enlightened people who will find a people that night. We are the Greeks [!] the world is for us to illuminate the world. Our mission is accomplished, I do not sing qu'Hosanna [ Victor Hugo ] ; " It is because of the qualities of a loser who can not 'collapse 'that Marshal Bugeaud advocates' tender by all means we treat the Arabs, to gradually change their habits [ ... ] It seems infinitely wiser (that quartering) to meddle in our society, and have them enjoy all the benefits it "" While the Arabs are not French, no governor, no army can not guarantee one month duration of peace " [ writes Louis Catholic traditionalist Veuillot ] ;" In 1883, Jules Ferry extends to indigenous people of Algeria's Law on Public Education the name of 'duty of superior races to civilize the inferior races' "... - Which shows that "race" has not yet fully acquired in France that the hideous color ^{the late nineteenth and twentieth} e th centuries give him, despite the efforts of Drumont and his acolytes, and does not necessarily command sequences that we are "regulars" [Added August 2010].

[10] By abuse of language going back to the time of the Conquest French (and which continues today) was called "Arabs" all Muslims in Algeria, when it came to most populations Islamized local time of the Arab conquest (often after having first been Judaised and Christianized), Arabized course on the language, but certainly not become "Arab" in a strict sense. How to merge into a single signifier warriors from Arabia and the people who heard their message and decided to keep it, which facilitates identification fantasy ... [Added August 2010].

[11] "There is (...) (...) here that lives forever, for what we are eternally contemporary in the most distant history, "L. Bertrand, Sanguis Martyrum , 1918, Prologue - highlighted by the author.

[12] strange character that Louis Bertrand (1866-1941), whose work is now abundant forgotten Normale Associate of letters, he abandoned teaching to devote religiously Letters; author of a thesis entitled " End of classicism and return to antiquity in the second half of the eighteenth century th and early nineteenth th century France "Dreyfus believes it will eventually evolve to the right for combat convert to Catholicism; publicist, he visited Hitler in 1935 to get information, visit he will pull a book, Hitler (Paris Fayard, 1936) in which he outlines the reasons why France should pay attention to the demands of Germans but disclaims Hitler; Gallicanism converted to a renovated, there will share the conviction of Mussolini, that unity the Mediterranean is in its Latin past-Roman and the Arab conquest is a closed parenthesis after ... His death, war broke out in Algeria, he became the ancestor (often without their knowledge) of "ultras" as they called the most radical supporters of French Algeria.

It should be noted that when Louis Bertrand, trying to mourn the loss of the eastern provinces, and partly influenced by the Félibrige Frederic Mistral (which belonged to Charles Maurras ), proposes to base the new France on the "recovery" of the territories conquered by Rome (and Vatican), extending and politically metaphysically an imaginary genealogy already well established in France (among Republicans close to the Church, among the anti-nationalists and republicans ultramontanes), many German intellectuals and ideologues working to complete construction of their cons-genealogy imaginary, initiated by the Romantics: Greece and Lutheranism. Politics, metaphysics and "race" under the Nazis (because it is the role of an imaginary 's incarnate) would necessarily follow, as the bloody conflicts [Added August 2010].

Written sun © Copyright 1982-2010 Richard Zrehen