March 31, 1492, in 'aftermath of the fall of Granada, their great victory against the Moors, who concludes the Reconquista, the Catholic kings very [1] of Spain, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella Castilla, sign the decree the Alhambra (formally remained in force until 1967) ordering the Jews of Castile and Aragon to choose between exile and conversion to Christianity.
July 31, 1492, deadline, the Jews left the country by hundreds of thousands, tens of thousands were persecuted and killed by the Inquisition, tens of thousands choose baptism - which does not always sufficient to ensure their salvation ...
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What about the horror of the trauma, the overflow of the psyche s'farad overwhelmed by a flood in which nothing works? Benchmarks scanned, the princes of the Jewish nation, so in court yesterday, suddenly removed, the doctors of the law is uncertain when they do not choose the conversion and the persecution of the camp, as did a century Abner Burgos early ( ca 1270 - ca 1347), became a physician and Talmudic scholar Alfonso Sacristan in Valladolid, the heads of families deprived of authority, their son model, the triumph of informers and offenders - young and old, free expression jealousy, envy and resentment, the fear that chilled those who are forced to no longer observe the Commandments which they believe that their observance depends the maintenance of the World, or to do as best they could, hiding and distrustful of everyone, starting with the family, discovering that the world does not collapse, that pretend to have become like the others, homogenized, eating pork, cooking ostensibly the lamb in its mother's milk and consuming it, do not cause disaster ...
One day, they would understand the teaching of Maimonides (1135-1204), furious that some took the Torah to a manual of magic, saying "The Torah is the soul, not for the body" .
One day, they would understand that the referent of Commandments is not the world but he who abides ("The Commandments were sent to man so that it improves ", said a sage of the Talmud), he never acted from the Sinai, to tame the forces obscure to operate (on) the real, but to articulate a symbolic or machine segmentation supported on a rational sense Imaginary plurivocal (stories and images accessible to all and "interpreted" according to the capacity of each) , so that even the "simple", the less inclined to abstraction, can be distinguished in all their guises and start early, day and night, holy and profane, true and right, etc.. In other words, can distinguish this from this failure. short, getting fit for trial - implying, of course, be wary of actively spontaneity (resisting to forbidden foods, banned unions and prohibited conduct) ...
One day, for many (most educated, most modern, Turkey and Egypt), they throw this Symbolic with Imagination "for granted" who had long supported and collapsed with the expulsion from Spain (roughly, the Torah as cautionary tale and predictive), and become "Marxist-nationalist." Others who stand to gain a richer understanding of the Commandments, that the belief that State would be required - At what price? After what torments? After how long? Still others, invent a mystical beautiful, refined, giving extra meaning to the Exile, a positive dimension [2] and moved to Safed ( High Galilee) ... But in this time of sway over me [3] , just dazed and urgency to save his skin!
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The bulk of the exiles chose Turkey, where the Sultan Bayezid II the Just (known in the West under the name of Bajazet II) had agreed to take them (it will send its navy in Spain to recover some of the "candidates" initially), but also the Maghreb (especially Algeria, then under Ottoman rule). All things sadly well known (!).
Less known are the reactions of some of these exiles s'fardim which, while having a great nostalgia for the country that was born and its language, Castilian, they helped to establish the expense of Latin (and will continue to speak long as the Ladino or Judeo-English, even today), decided to halt their strong leakage of emotions and conduct on the seas of war against the kingdom ungrateful, finding a very old "inspiration", if we are to believe Josephus [4] : they are made pirates, following the example Smyrna Sinan, Sinan the Jew, born in 1480 into a family of English refugees, who, having lost an eye in a brawl in 1504, had covered a black band became iconic; Sinan Jew, a follower of the chase (he attacked the boats not to the inhabitants of the Mediterranean coast) that will eventually ally with the redoubtable Barbarossa brothers and even marry one of their sisters, Sinan, whose flag bore a six-pointed star (the "Seal of Solomon [5] ), Tunis will defend against Spain in 1551, destroy most of the English fleet in 1538 and capture Tripoli in 1551. He is buried in a Jewish cemetery in Albania [6] .
The story has begun to tell Edward Kritzler, not without a little romance in Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean [7] .
book in which he discussed, for example, rabbi Samuel Palache, son of R. Palache Isaac, born in Marrakech, the first Jew to settle, as such, in Amsterdam, which is obtained in 1608, the right of establishment for the Jews (but not for him), and built the first synagogue , Neve Shalom. In 1608, Ambassador The Hague by the Sultan of Morocco Moulay Zidan, it will negotiate the first treaty of alliance between a Christian State, The Netherlands, and an Islamic state in Morocco. In 1614, he assumed command of a small Moroccan fleet of several vessels that captures the king of Spain with Morocco, which was at war. And Samuel Palache be accused of piracy by the English ambassador to London and imprisoned by England - but does it make a pirate of the rabbi who is clearly not on his own? Acquitted, he will end his days in Holland, Prince Maurice of Nassau attending his funeral [8] .
More "authentic" pirate s'fardim move away from the Mediterranean and will travel in the New World - discovered by the alleged Marrano [9 ] Christophe Columbus [10] - like Moses Cohen Henriques, who helped plan a spectacular operation that hits long and will bring the imagination of the most considerable booty. In 1628, accompanied by Admiral Piet Hein of the West India Company, who had spent four years chained to a galley English Henriques takes over, off Cuba, the English ships en route to Europe, laden with gold and silver (an estimated one billion dollars today). Afterwards, Henriques, with a troupe of Jews and conversos , will sail to Brazil where he settled on an island that had been attached. When Portugal resume on Brazil, in 1654, he became an advisor to Henry Morgan - Morgan bloodthirsty pirate, to be knighted by Charles II of England as a reward for his actions against the Spaniards. Henriques was never caught, although its role in the " Turning "was known in Cuba, including the Inquisition [11] ...
- There are many Sephardic synagogues in the Caribbean (eg, St. Thomas, one of the Islands Virgin [12] ), and many Jewish graves found there to be those of known pirates. Thus, that of Yaakov Mashiach, buried in Barbados, has a skull and crossbones, like that of his wife [13] .
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Other went even further, on the Pacific side, and with the distance legend has intensified ...
continued ...
Notes:
[1] The kings of France having already qualified as "very Christian", Pope Alexander VI had decided at the end of the Reconquista which corresponds to its accession to the throne of St Peter, to grant English monarchs as such, the perimeter smaller, with " compensation " - which could incite them to zeal. Indeed, Ferdinand and Isabella, soon "titles", declared that Spain should be more Catholic than Italy .. .
- Rodrigo Borja (1431-1503), nephew and adopted son of Pope Callistus III (Alfonso de Borja), Rodrigo Borgia became after his arrival in Italy, was pope under the name of Alexander VI from 1492 to 1503 - and under Pope rather scandalous Chapter mores. Vanozza Catanei young Roman patrician whom he met in 1470, after his ordination, will give him four children: John, Caesar, Lucrezia and Geoffrey ... From Wikipedia.
[2] Isaac Ashkenazi Luria (1534-1572), Kabbalist rabbi and a father born Ashkenazi died prematurely and his mother a Sephardic disciple Moses ben Jacob Cordovero (1522-1570), rabbi, philosopher, Kabbalist and English, teaches that the world came to be when God has "contracted" (exile itself to make it a site) that "vessels" designed to accommodate when the divine light of creation could not stand the shock and crashed, scattering sparks on the surface of the earth that the faults of men delay the coming of the Messiah; that the task of man is subject to the Commandments of "repairing the world" so that the Messiah could come there, to free those sparks wherever they are, or of the Exile. According to G. Scholem, The main currents of Jewish mystical , Paris, Payot, 1968.
Education not inconsistent with that of the Sages of the Talmud, for whom exile from the Holy Land, following the intervention of Rome, is due to the disunity of the Jewish people, jealousy and lust ...
[3] "Lord, Lord, merciful God, merciful, slow to anger, full of grace and fairness, which retains the grace to the thousandth generation, which supports the fault, rebellion and sin, and it does not exonerate innocent: he remembers the fault of the fathers upon the son, on grand son, the third and the fourth generation ... " Exodus 34, 6-7 (transl. from French Rabbinate) - emphasis added.
[4] Cf F. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities , 14, 43, when it comes to hackers Jews in John Hyrcanus and Aristobulus ( AC - 60).
[5] Seal of Solomon : magic ring that King Solomon would have possessed, according to several legends (Jewish, Christian and Muslim) medieval and which gave him the power to command demons and spirits, and talk with the animals ...
[6] Cf http://www.shoretechnology.com/Surgun_d.htm , Sinan "The Great Jew - Jewish Pirate , http://www.j-grit.com/adventurers-sinan-pirate.php ,
Jewish Pirates , Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_pirates
[7] Edward Kritzler, Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean - How a Generation of Swashbuckling Jews Carved Out an Empire in the New World in Their Quest for Treasure, Religious Freedom - and Revenge, Doubleday, 2006. - Title somewhat sensationalist, echoing the cinematic saga Pirates of the Caribbean (produced by Disney), which does not do justice to his subject, far beyond the Caribbean.
[8] Palache, Jewish Virtual Library,
: / / www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_15331.html
Edward Kritzler made a rather colorful portrait of Samuel Palache found a pirate and picturesque, a little portrait of a rabbi forced voluntary, diplomat and negotiator, who seemed more motivated by the well-being of its community buffeted by possible spoil ...
[9] Marrane: from English Marrano , pork - it must be remembered? Marrano is a pejorative designation used in ejectors. Jewish tradition does not know specifically of "Marranos" but falls into the category of Anousim (Forced), all Jews who at one time or another, were forced to abandon their "faith" for their lives.
[10] Discovery performed after an expedition financed not by the jewels of Isabella, as is a persistent legend, but Luis Santángel, converso , chancellor of the house Royal, Gabriel Sanchez, converso , treasurer of Aragon, and Isaac Abrabanel (1437-1508), rabbi, Talmudic scholar, Kabbalist, finance minister and advisor to King Alfonso V of Portugal, Ferdinand and Isabella and Ferdinand Spain, the Two Sicilies and the Republic of Venice ...
[11] Moses Henriques - Jewish Pirate http://www.j-grit.com/adventurers -moses-henriques.php
[12] Ariela Pelaia "Minyan On the High Seas", About.com: Judaism, June 8, 2009, http:// judaism.about.com/b/2009/06/08/minyan-on-the-high-seas.htm the
[13] Lilith Wagner, " Aaaargh, Jewish pirates" , Ynetnews, May 10, 2006, http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0, 7340, L-3311329, 00.html
Illustration:
- Buenos Aires Copyright © Aain Zimeray.
- Suspended attention? Copyright © Aain Zimeray.
- Small Ship ... Copyright © Aain Zimeray.
- Cactus Flower ! Copyright © RZ.
English galleons and pirates Jewish I. .. © copyright 2010 Richard Zrehen
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